services type promises in their simplest generic form are an abstraction on bundles. services type promises are implemented by mapping a bundle to service_bundle in a service_method body. Reference the services bodies and bundles in the standard library.

Most commonly services type promises are use to manage standard operating system services using the platforms standard service management tools via the standard_services bundle in the standard library. However, services type promises can be leveraged to build standard abstractions around custom services as well.

Services are registered in the operating system in some way, and get a unique name. Service promises abstracts the mechanism for interacting with services on the given operating system, making it as uniform and easy as possible to work with services cross-platform. The exact mechanism CFEngine uses vary depending on availability at the OS, but it could be System V scripts, systemd units, tools such as chkconfig, or the Windows API.

Some operating systems are bundled with a lot of unused services that are running as default. At the same time, faulty or inherently insecure services are often the cause of security issues. With CFEngine, one can create promises stating the services that should be stopped and disabled.

The operating system may start a service at boot time, or it can be started by CFEngine. Either way, CFEngine will ensure that the service maintains the correct state (started, stopped, or disabled).

CFEngine supports the concept of dependencies between services, and can automatically start or stop these, if desired. Parameters can be passed to services that are started by CFEngine.

code
bundle agent example
{
services:

  "Dhcp"
    service_policy => "start",
    service_dependencies => { "Alerter", "W32Time" },
    service_method => winmethod;
}

body service_method winmethod
{
  service_type => "windows";
  service_args => "--netmask=255.255.0.0";
  service_autostart_policy => "none";
  service_dependence_chain => "start_parent_services";
}

Notes:

Services promises for Windows are only available in CFEngine Enterprise. Note that the name of a service in Windows may be different from its Display name. CFEngine Enterprise policies use the name, not the display name, due to the need for uniqueness.

WinService

Windows Vista/Server 2008 and later introduced new complications to the service security policy. Therefore, when testing services promises from the command line, CFEngine may not be given proper access rights, which gives errors like "Access is denied". However, when running through the CFEngine Enterprise Executor service, typical for on production machines, CFEngine has sufficient rights.

Services of type generic promises are implemented for all operating systems and are merely as a convenient front-end to processes and commands. If nothing else is specified, CFEngine looks for an special reserved agent bundle called

code
bundle agent standard_services(service,state)
{
...
}

This bundle is called with two parameters: the name of the service and a start/stop state variable. The CFEngine standard library defines many common services for standard operating systems for convenience. If no service_bundle is defined in a service_method body, then CFEngine assumes the standard_services bundle to be the default source of action for the services. This is executed just like a methods promise on the service bundle, so this is merely a front-end.

The standard bundle can be replaced with another, as follows:

code
bundle agent test
{
vars:

 "mail" slist => { "spamassassin", "postfix" };

services:

  "www" service_policy => "start",
        service_method => service_test;

  "$(mail)" service_policy => "stop",
        service_method => service_test;
}

body service_method service_test
{
  service_bundle => non_standard_services("$(this.promiser)","$(this.service_policy)");
}

bundle agent non_standard_services(service,state)
{
reports:

  !done::

    "Test service promise for \"$(service)\" -> $(state)";
}

Note that the special variables $(this.promiser) and $(this.service_policy) may be used to fill in the service and state parameters from the promise definition. The $(this.service_policy) variable is only defined for services promises.

History: This promise type was introduced in CFEngine 3.3.0 (2012).

Attributes

Common attributes

Common attributes are available to all promise types. Full details for common attributes can be found in the Common promise attributes section of the Promise types page. The common attributes are as follows:

action

classes

comment

depends_on

handle

if

meta

with

service_policy

Description: Policy for service status.

The service_policy is expected to be passed to the service bundle in order to manage it's state. It is up to the mapped service_bundle to determine which promises should be actuated in order to converge to the specified service_policy.

Reference the policy for detailed information about the semantics of a given service_method or service_bundle, for example the standard_services in the standard library.

Type: string

Allowed input range: (arbitrary string)|(menu_option) depending on service_type

  • When service_type is windows allowed values are limited to start, stop, enable, or disable.

    • start|enable :: Will start the service if it is not running. Startup Type will be set to Manual if it is not Automatic or Automatic (Delayed Start). For a service to be configured to start automatically on boot a service_method must be declared and service_autostart_policy must be set to boot_time.
    • stop :: Will stop the service if it is running. Startup Type will not be modified unless a service_method is declared and service_autostart_policy is set.
    • disable :: Will stop the service if it is running, and Startup Type will be set to Disabled.

  • When service_type is generic any string is allowed and service_bundle is responsible for interpreting and implementing the desired state based on the service_policy value.

    Historically service_type generic has supported start, stop, enable, disable, restart and reload.

Example:

code
bundle agent example
{
  services:

    redhat|centos::

      # Manage a service using the standard_services implementation from the
      # standard library.

      "httpd"
        service_policy => "disable";

    any::

      # Manage a custom service using custom service_method

      "myservice"
        service_policy => "my_custom_state",
        service_method => "my_custom_service_method";


    windows::

        "AdobeARMservice"
          service_policy => "stop",
          comment => "Ensure the Adobe Acrobat Update Service is not running. It
                      may or may not be automatically started on the next boot
                      depending on the configuration.";

        "CfengineNovaExec"
          service_policy => "enable",
          service_method => bootstart, # Ref stdlib
          comment => "Ensure cf-execd is running and configured to start on
                      boot.";

        "VBoxService"
          service_policy => "start",
          service_method => bootstart, # Ref stdlib
          comment => "Ensure VirtualBox Guest Additions Service is running and
                      configured to start on boot.";

        "Spooler"
          service_policy => "disable",
          comment => "Ensure the Print Spooler is not running and will not start
                      automatically on boot. We do not want to kill any trees.";

        "tzautoupdate"
          service_policy => "start",
          comment => "Ensure that the Auto Time Zone Updated is running, and set
                      Startup Type to Manual.";


}

body service_method my_custom_service_method
{

  windows::
    service_bundle => my_custom_service_method_windows( $(this.promiser), $(this.service_policy) );

  redhat|centos::
    service_bundle => my_custom_service_method_EL( $(this.promiser), $(this.service_policy) );

  debian|ubuntu::
    service_bundle => my_custom_service_method_DEB( $(this.promiser), $(this.service_policy) );
}

bundle agent my_custom_service_method_windows( service_identifier, desired_service_state )
{
  # Specific windows implementation
}

bundle agent my_custom_service_method_EL( service_identifier, desired_service_state )
{
  # Specific Redhat|Centos implementation
}

bundle agent my_custom_service_method_DEB( service_identifier, desired_service_state )
{
  # Specific Debian|Ubuntu implementation
}

See also: [generic standard_services][Services Bodies and Bundles#standard_services]

History:

  • Type changed from menu_option to string and allowed input range changed to arbitrary string from start|stop|enable|disable|restart|reload in CFEngine 3.10. Previously enable was mapped to start, disable was mapped to stop and reload was mapped to restart.

service_dependencies

Description: A list of services on which the named service abstraction depends

A list of services that must be running before the service can be started. These dependencies can be started automatically by CFEngine if they are not running see service_dependence_chain. However, the dependencies will never be implicitly stopped by CFEngine. Specifying dependencies is optional.

Note that the operating system may keep an additional list of dependencies for a given service, defined during installation of the service. CFEngine requires these dependencies to be running as well before starting the service. The complete list of dependencies is thus the union of service_dependencies and the internal operating system list.

Type: slist

Allowed input range: [a-zA-Z0-9_$(){}\[\].:]+

Example:

code
services:

  "ftp"
    service_policy => "start",
    service_dependencies => { "network", "logging" };

service_method

Type: body service_method

service_method bodies have access to $(this.promiser) (the promised service) and $(this.service_policy) (the policy state the service should have).

Notes: service_bundle is not used when service_type is windows.

See also: Common body attributes

service_args

Description: Parameters for starting the service as command

These arguments will only be passed if CFEngine starts the service. Thus, set service_autostart_policy to none to ensure that the arguments are always passed.

Escaped quotes can be used to pass an argument containing spaces as a single argument, e.g. -f \"file name.conf\". Passing arguments is optional.

Type: string

Allowed input range: (arbitrary string)

Example:

code
body service_method example
{
  service_args => "-f filename.conf --some-argument";
}

service_autostart_policy

Description: Should the service be started automatically by the OS

Defaults to none, which means that the service is not registered for automatic startup by the operating system in any way. It must be none if service_policy is not start. boot_time means the service is started at boot time, while on_demand means that the service is dispatched once it is being used.

Type: (menu option)

Allowed input range:

code
none
boot_time
on_demand

Example:

code
body service_method example
{
  service_autostart_policy => "boot_time";
}

Notes: on_demand is not supported by Windows, and is implemented through inetd or xinetd on Unix.

service_bundle

Description: The agent bundle to use when managing the service.

Default: The canonified promiser string prefixed with service_. Note, the service_bundle must be in the same namespace.

Type: bundle agent

Example:

code
bundle agent main
{
  services:
      "my-custom-service"
      service_method => my_custom_service,
      service_policy => "stop";
}

body service_method my_custom_service
{
      service_type => "generic";
}

bundle agent service_my_custom_service(service, state)
{
  reports:
      "$(service) should have state $(state)";
}
code
R: my-custom-service should have state stop

This policy can be found in /var/cfengine/share/doc/examples/services_default_service_bundle.cf and downloaded directly from github.

service_dependence_chain

Description: How to handle dependencies and dependent services

The service dependencies include both the dependencies defined by the operating system and in service_dependencies, as described there.

Defaults to ignore, which means that CFEngine will never start or stop dependencies or dependent services, but fail if dependencies are not satisfied. start_parent_services means that all dependencies of the service will be started if they are not already running. When stopping a service, stop_child_services means that other services that depend on this service will be stopped also. all_related means both start_parent_services and stop_child_services.

Note that this setting also affects dependencies of dependencies and so on.

For example, consider the case where service A depends on B, which depends on C. If we want to start B, we must first make sure A is running. If start_parent_services or all_related is set, CFEngine will start A, if it is not running. On the other hand, if we want to stop B, C needs to be stopped first. stop_child_services or all_related means that CFEngine will stop C, if it is running.

Type: (menu option)

Allowed input range:

code
ignore
start_parent_services
stop_child_services
all_related

Example:

code
body service_method example
{
  service_dependence_chain => "start_parent_services";
}

service_type

Description: Service abstraction type

Type: (menu option)

Allowed input range:

code
windows
generic

Example:

code
body service_method example
{
  service_type => "windows";
}

Notes: On Windows this defaults to, and must be windows. Unix systems can however have multiple means of registering services, but the choice must be available on the given system. service_bundle is not used when service_type is windows.