Classes and Decisions

Classes are used to apply promises only to particular environments, depending on context. A promise might only apply to Linux systems, or should only be applied on Sundays, or only when a variable has a certain value.

Classes are simply facts that represent the current state or context of a system. The list of set classes classifies the environment at time of execution.

Classes are either set or not set, depending on context. Classes fall into hard classes that are discovered by CFEngine, and soft classes that are user-defined. Refer to Hard and Soft Classes in the Reference section for more information.

In CFEngine Enterprise, the list of set classes is reported to the CFEngine Database Server and can be used there for reporting, grouping of hosts and inventory management.

Hard Classes

Hard classes are discovered by CFEngine. Each time it wakes up, it discovers and reads properties of the environment or context in which it runs.It turns these properties of the environment into classes. This information is effectively cached and may be used to make decisions about configuration.

You can see all of the classes defined on a particular host by running the following command as a privileged user.

$ cf-promises --show-classes|grep hardclass

These are classes that describe your operating system, the time of day, the week of the year, etc. Time-varying classes (tagged with time_based) will change if you do this a few times over the course of a week.

Soft Classes

Soft classes are user-defined classes which you can use to implement your own classifications. These classes are defined in bundles and are evaluated when the bundle is evaluated. They can be based on test functions or on other classes.

    bundle agent myclasses
    {
    classes:
      "solinux" expression => "linux||solaris";
      "alt_class" or => { "linux", "solaris", fileexists("/etc/fstab") };
      "oth_class" and => { fileexists("/etc/shadow"), fileexists("/etc/passwd") };

    reports:
      alt_class::
        # This will only report "Boo!" on linux, solaris, or any system
        # on which the file /etc/fstab exists
        "Boo!";
    }

This example defines a few soft classes local to the myclasses bundle.

• The solinux soft class is defined as a combination of the linux or the solaris hard classes. This class will be set if the operating system family is either of these values.

• The alt_class soft class is defined as a combination of linux, solaris, or the presence of a file named /etc/fstab. If one of the two hard classes evaluate to true, or if there is a file named /etc/fstab, the alt_class class will also be set.

• The oth_class soft class is defined as the combination of two fileexists functions - /etc/shadow and /etc/passwd. If both of these files are present the oth_class class will also be set.

Negative Knowledge

If a class is set, then it is certain that the corresponding fact is true. However, that a class is not set could mean that something is not the case, or that something is simply not known. This is only a problem with soft classes, where the state of a class can change during the execution of a policy, depending on the order in which bundles and promises are evaluated.

Making Decisions based on classes

The easiest way to limit the application of a promise to certain conditions is to use the following notation:

    bundle agent greetings
    {
     reports:
       Morning::
         "Good morning!";

       Evening::
         "Good evening!";
    }

In this example, the report "Good morning!" is only printed if the class Morning is set, while the report "Good evening!" is only printed when the class Evening is set.

A limitation of this notation is that the class expression needs to be constant. The class predicate ifvarclass can be used if variable class expressions are required. It is ANDed with the normal class expression, and is evaluated together with the promise. It may contain variables as long as the resulting expansion is a legal class expression.

    bundle agent example
    {
      vars:
              "french_cities"  slist => { "toulouse", "paris" };
              "german_cities"  slist => { "berlin" };
              "italian_cities" slist => { "milan" };
              "usa_cities"     slist => { "lawrence" };

              "all_cities" slist => { @(french_cities), @(german_cities), @(italian_cities), @(usa_cities) };

      classes:
          "italy"   or => { @(italian_cities) };
          "germany" or => { @(german_cities) };
          "france"  or => { @(french_cities) };

      reports:
        "It's $(sys.date) here";

        Morning.italy::
          "Good morning from Italy",
            ifvarclass => "$(all_cities)";

        Afternoon.germany::
          "Good afternoon from Germany",
            ifvarclass => "$(all_cities)";

        france::
          "Hello from France",
            ifvarclass => "$(all_cities)";

        "Hello from $(all_cities)",
          ifvarclass => "$(all_cities)";
    }

Example Output:

    cf-agent -Kf example.cf -D lawrence -b example
    R: It's Tue May 28 16:47:33 2013 here
    R: Hello from lawrence

    cf-agent -Kf example.cf -D paris -b example
    R: It's Tue May 28 16:48:18 2013 here
    R: Hello from France
    R: Hello from paris

    cf-agent -Kf example.cf -D milan -b example
    R: It's Tue May 28 16:48:40 2013 here
    R: Hello from milan

    cf-agent -Kf example.cf -D germany -b example
    R: It's Tue May 28 16:49:01 2013 here

    cf-agent -Kf example.cf -D berlin -b example
    R: It's Tue May 28 16:51:53 2013 here
    R: Good afternoon from Germany
    R: Hello from berlin

In this example, lists of cities are defined in the vars section and these lists are combined into a list of all cities. These variable lists are used to qualify the greetings and to make the policy more concise. In the classes section a country class is defined if a class described on the right hand side evaluates to true. In the reports section the current time is always reported but only agents found to have the Morning and italy classes defined will report "Good morning from Italy", this is further qualified by ensuring that the report is only generated if one of the known cities also has a class defined.

Operators and Precedence

Classes promises define new classes based on combinations of old ones. This is how to make complex decisions in CFEngine, with readable results. It is like defining aliases for class combinations. Such class 'aliases' may be specified in any kind of bundle.

Note that whitespace is not allowed between operators, so something like a . b, though perhaps more readable, will be rejected by the CFEngine parser.

Classes may be combined with the operators listed here in order from highest to lowest precedence:

• ‘()':: ~ The parenthesis group operator.

• ‘!’:: ~ The NOT operator.

• ‘.’:: ~ The AND operator.

• ‘&’:: ~ The AND operator (alternative).

• ‘|’:: ~ The OR operator.

• ‘||’:: ~ The OR operator (alternative).

These operators can be combined to form complex expressions. For example, the following expression would be only true on Mondays or Wednesdays from 2:00pm to 2:59pm on Windows XP systems:

(Monday|Wednesday).Hr14.WinXP::

Operands that are functions

If an operand is another function and the return value of the function is undefined, the result of the logical operation will also be undefined. For this reason, when using functions as operators, it is safer to collapse the functions down to scalar values and to test if the values are either true or false before using them as operands in a logical expression.

e.g.

    ...
    classes:
            "variable_1"
            expression => fileexists("/etc/aliases.db");
    ...

    "result"
    or => { isnewerthan("/etc/aliases", "/etc/aliases.db"),
    "!variable_1" };

The function, isnewerthan can return "undefined" if one or other of the files does not exist. In that case, result would also be undefined. By checking the validity of the return value before using it as an operand in a logical expression, unpredictable results are avoided. i.e negative knowledge does not necessarily imply that something is not the case, it could simply be unknown. Checking if each file exists before calling isnewerthan would avoid this problem.

Global and Local classes

Classes defined in bundles of type common are global in scope, whereas classes defined in all other bundle types are local. Classes are evaluated when the bundle is evaluated (and the bundles are evaluated in the order specified in the bundlesequence).

Note that any class promise must have one - and only one - value constraint. That is, you might not leave 'expression' in the example above or add both 'and' and 'xor' constraints to the single promise.

Another type of class definition uses the body classes. This allows setting of classes based on the outcome of a promise. To set a class if a promise is repaired, one might write:

     "promiser..."
        ...
        classes => if_repaired("signal_class");

These classes are global in scope, but the scope attribute can be used to make them local to the bundle.

Finally, restart_class classes in processes are global.

Canceling classes

You can cancel a class with a classes body. See the cancel_kept, cancel_notkept, and cancel_repaired attributes.

Class Scopes: A More Complex Example

    body common control
    {
        bundlesequence => { "global","local_one", "local_two" };
    }

    #################################

    bundle common global
    {
        classes:
            # The soft class "zero" is always satisfied,
            # and is global in scope
            "zero" expression => "any";
    }

    #################################

    bundle agent local_one
    {
        classes:
            # The soft class "one" is always satisfied,
            # and is local in scope to local_one
            "one" expression => "any";
    }

    #################################

    bundle agent local_two
    {
        classes:
            # The soft class "two" is always satisfied,
            # and is local in scope to ls_2
            "two" expression => "any";

        reports:
            zero.!one.two::
                # This report will be generated
                "Success";
    }

In this example, there are three bundles. One common bundle named global with a global scope. Two agent bundles define classes one and two which are local to those bundles.

The local_two bundle promises a report "Success" which applies only if zero.!one.two evaluates to true. Within the local_two scope this evaluates to true because the one class is not set.